Acronym Definition
HEVU Hybrid Electric Vehicle Unit
HEVU Hazardous Environment (Half-Life game) Unit
HEVU Hazardous Environment Vehicle (gaming) Unit
HEVU Health & Environment Unit
HEVU Helyi érdek? Vasút (suburban railway, Budapest, Hungary) Unit
HEVU Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Unit
HEVU Hemorrhagic Endovasculitis Unit
HEVU Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus Unit
HEVU Hendra Virus Unit
HEVU Hepatitis E Virus Unit
HEVU High Endothelial Venules Unit
HEVU Human Entry Vehicle Unit
HEVU Home of Efter- og Videreuddannelse (Denmark)
HEVU Home of Energieversorgungsunternehmen (Power Supply Company)
HEVU Home of Equipement Vehicules Utilitaire
HEVU Home of European Vegetarian Union
HEVU Health Education Video Unit
HEVU Zeefdruk
Hevu te Lieshout
Hevu Zeefdruk
HEVU Health Education Video Update
Health education is defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of
people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance or
restoration of health. The ultimate aim of Health Education is Positive
Behavioural Modification
Education for health begins with people as they are, with whatever interests
they may have in improving their living conditions. Its aim is to develop in
them a sense of responsibility for health conditions, as individuals and as
members of families and communities. In communicable disease control, health
education commonly includes an appraisal of what is known by a population about
a disease, an assessment of habits and attitudes of the people as they relate to
spread and frequency of the disease, and the presentation of specific means to
remedy observed deficiencies.
Health education is included in the curriculum of most schools. In the United
States, some forty states require the teaching of health education. A
comprehensive health education curriculum consists of planned learning
experiences which will assist students to achieve desirable understandings,
attitudes and practices related to critical health issues including, but not
limited to, the following: emotional health and a positive self image;
appreciation, respect for, and care of the human body and its vital organs;
physical fitness; health issues of alcohol, tobacco and drug use and abuse;
health misconceptions and quackery; effects of exercise on the body systems and
on general well being; nutrition and weight control; sexual relationships, the
scientific, social and economic aspects of community and ecological health;
communicable and degenerative diseases including sexually transmitted diseases;
disaster preparedness; safety and driver education; choosing professional
medical and health services; and choices of health careers.
The term Health Education also refers to academic health, which is the process
of educating health professionals; post-secondary education culminating in
supervised experience...practice education.
HEVU Hybrid Electric Vehicle Unit
A hybrid electric vehicle Unit (HEVU) is a vehicle which combines a conventional
propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to
achieve better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle without being hampered
by range from a charging unit like a battery electric vehicle, which uses
batteries charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems
may have common subsystems or components.
Regular HEVs most commonly use an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric
batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass produced HEVs prolong the charge
on their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking, and
some HEVs can use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an
electrical generator (often a motor-generator) to either recharge the battery or
directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. Many HEVs
reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when
needed. An HEV's engine is smaller and may be run at various speeds, providing
more efficiency.
HEVs became widely available to the public in the 1990s with the introduction of
the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. HEVs are viewed by some automakers as a core
segment of the next future automotive market. In an article for the July-August
2007 issue of THE FUTURIST magazine titled "Energy Diversity as a Business
Imperative", , including plug-in hybrid vehicles. GM vice president for
environment and energy Elizabeth Lowery is quoted as saying, "Today, we are
embracing multiple energy sources because there is no single answer available
for the mass market…"
Technology
The variety of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the structure of
the hybrid vehicle drivetrain, the fuel type and the mode of operation.
In 2007, several manufacturers have announced that vehicles will use aspects of
hybrid electric technology to reduce fuel consumption without the use of the
hybrid drivetrain. Regenerative braking can be used to recapture energy and
stored to power electrical accessories, such as air conditioning. Shutting down
the engine at idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce
emissions without the addition of a hybrid drivetrain. In both cases, some of
the advantages of hybrid electric technology are gained while additional cost
and weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter
motors. There is no standard terminology for such vehicles, although they may be
termed mild hybrids.
The 2000s saw development of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can
be recharged from the electrical power grid and do not require conventional fuel
for short trips. The Renault Kangoo was the first production model of this
design, released in France in 2003.
Engines and fuel sources
Gasoline
Gasoline engines are used in most hybrid electric designs, and will likely
remain dominant for the foreseeable future. While petroleum-derived gasoline is
the primary fuel, it is possible to mix in varying levels of ethanol created
from renewable energy sources. Like most modern ICE-powered vehicles, HEVs can
typically use up to about 15% bioethanol. Manufacturers may move to flexible
fuel engines, which would increase allowable ratios, but no plans are in place
at present.
Diesel
Diesel-electric HEVs use a diesel engine for power generation. Diesels have
advantages when delivering constant power for long periods of time, suffering
less wear while operating at higher efficiency. The diesel engine's high torque,
combined with hybrid technology, may offer substantially improved mileage. Most
diesel vehicles can use 100% pure biofuels (biodiesel), so they can use but do
not need petroleum at all for fuel (although mixes of biofuel and petroleum are
more common, and petroleum may be needed for lubrication). If diesel-electric
HEVs were in use, this benefit would likely also apply. Diesel-electric hybrid
drivetrains have begun to appear in commercial vehicles (particularly buses); as
of 2007, no light duty diesel-electric hybrid passenger cars are currently
available, although prototypes exist. Peugeot is expected to produce a
diesel-electric hybrid version of its 308 in late 2008 for the European market.
PSA Peugeot Citro?n has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a
diesel-electric hybrid drivetrain: the Peugeot 307, Citro?n C4 Hybride HDi and
Citro?n C-Cactus. Volkswagen made a prototype diesel-electric hybrid car that
achieved 2 L/100 km (118 mpg–U.S. / 141 mpg–imp) fuel economy, but has yet to
sell a hybrid vehicle. General Motors has been testing the Opel Astra Diesel
Hybrid. There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but
press statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before
2009.
Robert Bosch GmbH is supplying hybrid diesel-electric technology to diverse
automakers and models, including the Peugeot 308.
So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in mass
transit buses.
Design considerations
In some cases, manufacturers are producing HEVs that use the added energy
provided by the hybrid systems to give vehicles a power boost, rather than
significantly improved fuel efficiency compared to their traditional
counterparts. The trade-off between added performance and improved fuel
efficiency is partly controlled by the software within the hybrid system and
partly the result of engine, battery and motor sizing. In the future,
manufacturers may provide HEV owners with the ability to partially control this
balance (fuel efficiency vs. added performance) as they wish, through a
user-controlled setting. Toyota announced in January, 2006 that it was
considering a "high-efficiency" button.
Conversion kits
M Electric vehicle conversion
One can buy a stock hybrid or convert a stock petroleum car to a hybrid electric
vehicle using an aftermarket hybrid kit .
Benefits
Benefits of the hybrid electric design include:
Fuel consumption
Current HEVs reduce petroleum consumption (compared to otherwise similar
conventional vehicles) primarily by using three mechanisms:
a) Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally by turning the ICE
off;
b) Recapturing waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking);
c) Reducing the size and power of the ICE engine, and hence inefficiencies from
under-utilization, by using the added power from the electric motor to
compensate for the loss in peak power output from the smaller ICE.
Any combination of these three primary hybrid advantages may be used in
different vehicles to realize different fuel usage, power, emissions, weight and
cost profiles. The ICE in an HEV can be smaller, lighter, and more efficient
than the one in a conventional vehicle, because the combustion engine can be
sized for slightly above average power demand rather than peak power demand. The
drive system in a vehicle is required to operate over a range of speed and
power, but an ICE has its highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation,
making conventional vehicles inefficient. In contrast, in most HEV designs, the
ICE operates closer to its range of highest efficiency more of the time. The
power curve of electric motors is better suited to variable speeds and can
provide substantially greater torque at low speeds compared with
internal-combustion engines. The greater fuel economy of HEVs has implication
for reduced petroleum consumption and vehicle air pollution emissions worldwide
Durability
Reduced wear on the gasoline engine, particularly from idling with no load.
Reduced wear on brakes from the regenerative braking system use.
There's no definitive word on replacement costs of the batteries because they
are almost never replaced. According to Toyota, since the Prius first went on
sale in 2000, they have not replaced a single battery for wear and tear. (2007)
Environmental impact
Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at
idling and low speeds, leading to roadway noise reduction, in comparison to
conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial
noise health effects (although road noise from tires and wind, the loudest
noises at highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by
the hybrid design alone). Note, however, that this is not always an advantage;
for example, people who are blind or visually-impaired, and who rely on
vehicle-noise while crossing streets, find it more difficult to do safely.
Reduced air pollution emissions due to lower fuel consumption, leading to
improved human health with regard to respiratory and other illness. Pollution
reduction in urban environments may be particularly significant due to
elimination of idle-at-rest.
One common misconception is: "However, one must remember the environmental stamp
of HEV batteries, which must be replaced on a regular basis and are treated as
extremely hazardous waste." This is not entirely true. Battery toxicity is a
concern, although today's hybrids use NiMH batteries, not the environmentally
problematic rechargeable nickel cadmium. "Nickel metal hydride batteries are
benign. They can be fully recycled," says Ron Cogan, editor of the Green Car
Journal. Toyota and Honda say that they will recycle dead batteries and that
disposal will pose no toxic hazards. Toyota puts a phone number on each battery,
and they pay a $200 "bounty" for each battery to help ensure that it will be
properly recycled.
History
Early developments
In 1901, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche designed the
"Mixte", a series-hybrid vehicle based off his earlier "System Lohner-Porsche"
electric carriage. The Mixte broke several Austrian speed records, and also won
the Exelberg Rally in 1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a
gasoline engine powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors,
with a small battery pack for reliability. It had a range of 50 km, a top speed
of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes.
The 1915 Dual Power, made by the Woods Motor Vehicle electric car maker, had a
four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (25 km/h) the electric
motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing power from a battery pack, and above this
speed the "main" engine cut in to take the car up to its 35 mph (55 km/h) top
speed. About 600 were made up to 1918.
Forefathers of current technology
A more recent working prototype of the HEV was built by Victor Wouk (one of the
scientists involved with the Henney Kilowatt, the first transistor-based
electric car). Wouk's work with HEVs in the 1960s and 1970s earned him the title
as the "Godfather of the Hybrid". Wouk installed a prototype hybrid drivetrain
(with a 16 kW electric motor) into a 1972 Buick Skylark provided by GM for the
1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program, but the program was stopped by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976 while Eric Stork,
the head of the EPA at the time, was accused of a prejudicial coverup.
The regenerative braking system , the core design concept of most production
HEVs, was developed by electrical engineer David Arthurs around 1978 using
off-the shelf components and an Opel GT. However the voltage controller to link
the batteries, motor (a jet-engine starter motor), and DC generator was Arthurs'.
The vehicle exhibited 75 mpg–U.S. (3.14 L/100 km / 90.1 mpg–imp) fuel efficiency
and plans for it (as well as somewhat updated versions) are still available
through the Mother Earth News web site. The Mother Earth News' own 1980 version
claimed nearly 84 mpg–U.S. (2.8 L/100 km / 100.9 mpg–imp).
In 1989, Audi produced its first iteration of the Audi Duo (or Audi 100 Avant
duo) experimental vehicle, a plug-in parallel hybrid based on the Audi 100 Avant
quattro. This car had a 12.6 bhp Siemens electric motor which drove the rear
wheels. A trunk-mounted nickel-cadmium battery supplied energy to the motor that
drove the rear wheels. The vehicle's front wheels were powered by a 2.3-litre
five-cylinder engine with an output of 136 bhp. The intent was to produce a
vehicle which could operate on the engine in the country and electric mode in
the city. Mode of operation could be selected by the driver. Just ten vehicles
are believed to have been made; one drawback was that due to the extra weight of
the electric drive, the vehicles were less efficient when running on their
engines alone than standard Audi 100s with the same engine.
Two years later, Audi unveiled the second duo generation - likewise based on the
Audi 100 Avant quattro. Once again this featured an electric motor, a 28.6 bhp
three-phase machine, driving the rear wheels. This time, however, the rear
wheels were additionally powered via the Torsen differential from the main
engine compartment, which housed a 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine.
The Bill Clinton administration initiated the Partnership for a New Generation
of Vehicles (PNGV) program on 29 September 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford,
General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to
engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle. The NRC cited automakers’ moves
to produce HEVs as evidence that technologies developed under PNGV were being
rapidly adopted on production lines, as called for under Goal 2. Based on
information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned whether the “Big
Three” would be able to move from the concept phase to cost effective,
pre-production prototype vehicles by 2004, as set out in Goal 3. The program was
replaced by the hydrogen-focused FreedomCAR initiative by the George W. Bush
administration in 2001, an initiative to fund research too risky for the private
sector to engage in, with the long-term goal of developing effectively carbon
emission- and petroleum-free vehicle
Production HEVs
Hybrid Vehicle Sales Chart, by Green Car Congress; Toyota: 85 %
Hybrid Vehicle Sales Chart, by Green Car Congress; Toyota: 85 %
Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda
Insight and Toyota Prius became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage
from the ICE to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power.
The Prius has been in high demand since its introduction. Newer designs have
more conventional appearance and are less expensive, often appearing and
performing identically to their non-hybrid counterparts while delivering 40%
better fuel efficiency. The Honda Civic Hybrid appears identical to the
non-hybrid version, for instance, but delivers about 50 mpg–U.S. (4.7 L/100 km /
60.1 mpg–imp). The redesigned 2004 Toyota Prius improved passenger room, cargo
area, and power output, while increasing energy efficiency and reducing
emissions. The Honda Insight, while not matching the demand of the Prius,
stopped being produced after 2006 and has a devoted base of owners. Honda has
also released a hybrid version of the Accord.
An R.L. Polk survey of 2003 model year cars showed that hybrid electric car
registrations in the United States rose to 43,435 cars, a 25.8% increase from
2002 numbers. California had the most HEVs registered: 11,425. The
proportionally high number may be partially due to the state's higher gasoline
prices and stricter emissions rules, which HEVs generally have little trouble
passing.
Honda, which offers Insight, Civic and Accord models, sold 26,773 HEVs in the
first 11 months of 2004. Toyota has sold a cumulative 306,862 HEVs between 1997
and November 2004, and Honda has sold a total of 81,867 HEVs between 1999 and
November 2004.
Audi was the first European car manufacturer to put in 1997 a hybrid vehicle
into series production, the third generation Audi duo, then based on the A4
Avant.
2005 saw the first hybrid electric sport utility vehicle (SUV) released, the
Ford Escape Hybrid. Toyota and Ford entered into a licensing agreement in March
2004 allowing Ford to use 20 patents from Toyota related to hybrid technology,
although Ford's engine was independently designed and built. In exchange for the
hybrid licenses, Ford licensed patents involving their European diesel engines
to Toyota. Toyota announced model year 2005 hybrid electric versions of the
Toyota Highlander and Lexus RX 400h with 4WD-i, which uses a rear electric motor
to power the rear wheels negating the need for a differential. Toyota also plans
to add hybrid drivetrains to every model it sells in the coming decade.
In 2007, Lexus released a hybrid electric version of their GS sport sedan dubbed
the GS450h, with "well in excess of 300hp". The 2007 Camry Hybrid became
available in Summer 2006 in the United States and Canada. Nissan announced the
release of the Altima hybrid (technology supplied by Toyota) in 2007.Hybrid cars
see record sales.
Manufacturers are going to introduce 15 new hybrids in 2008
Production PHEVs
In 2007 appears the DoE′s Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plan and the PHEV
mass-production race.
Further information: History of plug-in hybrids
Vehicle types
Motorcycles
eCycle Inc produces series diesel-electric motorcycles, with a top speed of 80
mph (128.7 km/h) and a target retail price of $5,500.
Automobiles and light trucks
A number of manufacturers currently produce hybrid electric automobiles and
light trucks, including Ford, General Motors, Honda, Mazda, Mercury, Nissan, PSA
(Peugeot-Citr?en), Renault, and Toyota. Other types of HEVs are manufactured
including Microhybrids (small hybrid electric city cars) and Diesel-electric
hybrid vehicles, such as Citro?n C-Cactus concept car and GM plug-in hybrid
Chevy Volt that may soon see mass-production.
Combined sales of HEVs in the U.S. rose 54% in February 2007 to more than 22,998
units, up 52% from the results in February 2006. The figures do not include
sales of GM HEVs, which the automaker does not yet break out, but do reflect the
addition of the Nissan Altima Hybrid, now sold in eight states. An estimated
180,000 HEVs were sold in the U.S. in first half of 2007, or 3% of car sales
during that period.
Taxis
HEVs (and specially plug-ins) may be particularly appropriate for use as
taxicabs, as in many locations they are used in predominantly urban
environments; have intensive operating schedules, maximizing fuel savings over
the life of the vehicle; may spend considerable periods of time at idle, where
the hybrid electric engine may allow for the ICE to be shut off (while retaining
use of electrical accessories); and can recharge batteries at taxicab stands.
New York City started converting its taxi fleet to hybrids in 2005, with 375
active as of July, 2007. The mayor plans to convert 20% of the remaining 13,000
taxis each year.
San Francisco intends to convert its entire fleet to hybrid or CNG vehicles by
2008.
Buses
Hybrid-electric RTS bus operated by New Jersey Transit in Trenton, New Jersey,
utilizing a Thudervolt hybrid drive by ISE Corporation. The hybrid drive housing
is under and on top of the bus.
Hybrid-electric RTS bus operated by New Jersey Transit in Trenton, New Jersey,
utilizing a Thudervolt hybrid drive by ISE Corporation. The hybrid drive housing
is under and on top of the bus.
Current manufacturers of diesel-electric hybrid buses include New Flyer
Industries, Gillig, Orion Bus Industries, and North American Bus Industries. In
2008, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model
was discontinued, will add a diesel-electric hybrid option for its LFS series as
well.
In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London
'Double-Decker', a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are a
feature of the extreme traffic density in London. These buses use a small diesel
engine with electric storage through a lithium ion battery pack. The use of a
1.9 litre diesel instead of the typical 7.0 litre engine in a traditional bus
demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely
traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO2;
emissions of 31% and fuel savings in the range of 40% have been demonstrated,
compared with a modern 'Euro-4' compliant bus.
Also in 2005 GE introduced its hybrid electric shifters on the market. Toyota
claims to have started with the Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese
market. In May 2003 GM started to tour with hybrid electric buses developed
together with Allison. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily
operation in the US. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino, a
Toyota affiliate, in January 2005. Mitsubishi Motors have developed a diesel
engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen
limited service in several Japanese cities.
Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been
developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand, with the most
successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first
model went into commercial service in Christchurch (NZ) since 1999, and later
models now operates daily service in Tokyo, Auckland (NZ), Hong Kong, and
Newcastle upon Tyne (UK).
New Flyer and Gillig produce hybrid electric buses using either ISE Corporation
ThunderVolt or Allison Transmission GM's electric drive system. The Whispering
Wheel bus is another HEV.
Trucks
In 2003 GM introduced a hybrid diesel-electric military (light) truck, equipped
with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid electric
light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes Benz (Sprinter) and Micro-Vett
SPA (Daily Bimodale). International Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have
been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot
program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid 2005 Isuzu introduced the
Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately
300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter
Controlled Motor & Retarder) system. In 2007, hight petroleum price means a hard
sell for hybrid trucks and appears the first U.S. production hybrid truck
(International DuraStar Hybrid).
Other vehicles are:
* Big mining machines like the Liebherr T 282B dump truck or LeTourneau L-2350
wheel loader are powered that way.
* Also NASA's huge Crawler-Transporters are propelled diesel-electrically.
* Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid is a diesel-electric commercial truck.
Hino Motors (a Toyota subsidiary) has the world's first production hybrid
electric truck in Australia (110kW diesel engine plus a 23kW electric motor).
Other hybrid petroleum-electric truck makers are DAF Trucks, MAN AG with MAN TGL
Series, Nissan Motors and Renault Trucks with Renault Puncher.
Hybrid electric truck technology and powertrain maker: ZF Friedrichshafen.
Military vehicles
The United States Army's manned ground vehicles of the Future Combat System all
use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel engine to generate electrical
power for mobility and all other vehicle subsystems. Other military hybrid
prototypes include the Millenworks Light Utility Vehicle, the International FTTS,
and the Shadow RST-V.
Locomotives
M Hybrid Locomotive
In May 2003 JR East started test runs with the so called NE (new energy) train
and validated the system's functionality (series hybrid with lithium ion
battery) in cold regions. In 2004, RailPower Technologies had been running
pilots in the US with the so called Green Goats, which led to orders by the
Union Pacific and Canadian Pacific Railways starting in early 2005.
Railpower offers hybrid electric road switchers, as does GE. Diesel-electric
locomotives may not always be considered HEVs, not having energy storage on
board, unless they are fed with electricity via a collector for short distances
(for example, in tunnels with emission limits), in which case they are better
classified as dual-mode vehicles.
Marine and other aquatic
Produces marine hybrid propulsion:
* eCycle Inc.
* Solar Sailor Holdings
Comparison of regular hybrids with petroleum and plug-in hybrid vehicles
Conventional vehicles
HEVs are more expensive (the so-called "hybrid premium") than traditional ICE
vehicles (ICEV), due to extra batteries, more electronics and in some cases
other design considerations. The trade-off between higher initial cost and lower
fuel costs (often referred to as the payback period) is dependent on usage -
miles traveled, or hours of operation, fuel costs, and in some cases, government
subsidies. Traditional economy vehicles may result in a lower direct cost for
many users (before consideration of any externality).
Consumer Reports ran an article in April 2006 stating that HEVs would not pay
for themselves over 5 years of ownership. However, this included an error with
charging the "hybrid premium" twice. When corrected, the Honda Civic Hybrid and
Toyota Prius did have a payback period of slightly less than 5 years. This
includes conservative estimates with depreciation (seen as more depreciation
than a conventional vehicle, although that is not the current norm) and with gas
prices. In particular, the Consumer Reports article assumed $2/U.S. gallon for 3
years, $3/U.S. gallon for one year and $4/U.S. gallon the last year. As recent
events have shown, this is a volatile market and hard to predict. For 2006, gas
prices ranged from low $2 to low $3, averaging about $2.60/U.S. gallon.
A January 2007 analysis by Intellichoice.com shows that all 22 currently
available HEVs will save their owners money over a five year period. The most
savings is for the Toyota Prius, which has a five year cost of ownership 40.3%
lower than the cost of comparable non-hybrid vehicles.
A report in the Greeley Tribune says that over the five years it would typically
take for a new car owner to pay off the vehicle cost differential, a hybrid
Camry driver could save up to $6,700 in gasoline at current gasoline prices,
with hybrid tax incentives as an additional saving.
In countries with incentives to fight against global warming and contamination
and promote vehicle fuel efficiency, the pay-back period can be immediate and
ICEV can cost more than hybrid because they generate more pollution.
In some car ways, only electric and hybrid vehicles in electric mode can
circulate.
Plug-in hybrids
M Plug-in hybrid
Plug-in hybrids can also be recharged using an electric outlet.
Legislation and incentives
In order to encourage the purchase of HEVs, several incentives and ecotaxes have
been made into law.
Europe
In the Netherlands, the Vehicle Registration Tax (VRT), payable when a car is
sold to its first buyer, can earn the owner of an HEV a discount up to €6,000.
In the Republic of Ireland, a 50% reduction in VRT applies, which normally
amounts to 25% of the market value of a car.
Drivers of HEVs in the United Kingdom benefit from the lowest band of vehicle
excise duty (car tax), which is based on carbon dioxide emissions. In central
London, these vehicles are also exempt from the ￡8 daily London congestion
charge. Due to their low levels of regulated emissions, the greenest cars are
eligible for 100% discount under the current system. To be eligible the car must
be on the current Power Shift Register. At present, these include the cleanest
LPG and natural gas cars and most hybrid-, battery- and fuel cell-electric
vehicles.
Canada
In Canada, residents in Ontario, Canada can claim a rebate on the Provincial
Retail Sales Tax of up to $2,000 CDN on the purchase or lease of a hybrid
electric vehicle. Ontario recently announced a new green license plate for
hybrid car users and will announce a slew of benefits that go along with it in
2008. Residents in British Columbia are eligible for a 100% reduction of sales
tax up to a maximum of $2,000 if the hybrid electric vehicle is purchased or
leased before April 1, 2011 (extended in 2007/2008 budget from March 31, 2008
and expanded from a maximum of only $1,000 from April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009,
at which point the concession was scheduled to expire.) The Canadian federal
government recently began offering rebates in March 2007 of $1000-$2000.
Generally cars getting 6.5 L/100km or better and light trucks getting 8.3
L/100km or better will quailify.
USA
Throughout the United States:
Federal
Diesel-electric and gasoline-electric hybrids are not grouped under the electric
fuel category because the input fuel is diesel or gasoline rather than an
alternative transportation fuel. DOE, which has EPACT92 implementation
authority, ruled that diesel-electric and gasoline-electric hybrids are not
"alternative fuel vehicles."
The purchase of hybrid electric cars qualifies for a federal income tax credit
up to $3,400 on the purchaser's Federal income taxes. The tax credit is to be
phased out two calendar quarters after the manufacturer reaches 60,000 new cars
sold in the following manner: it will be reduced to 50% ($1700) if delivered in
either the third or fourth quarter after the threshold is reached, to 25% ($850)
in the fifth and sixth quarters, and 0% thereafter. Many states give additional
tax credits to hybrid electric car buyers.
States and local
* Certain states (e.g., New York, California, Virginia, and Florida) allow
singly-occupied HEVs to enter the HOV lanes on the highway. Initially, the
Federal Highway Administration ruled that this was a violation of federal
statute until August 10, 2005 when George W. Bush signed the Transportation
Equity Act of 2005 into law.
* Some states, e.g. California, exempt hybrid electric cars from the biennial
smog inspection, which costs over $50 (as of 2004).
* The city of San Jose, California issued a free parking tag until 2007 when it
became issued for a fee annually for hybrid electric cars that were purchased at
a San Jose dealership. The qualified owners do not have to pay for parking in
any city garage or road side parking meters.
* City of Los Angeles, California offers free parking to all HEVs starting on 1
October 2004. The experiment is an extension to an existing offer of free
parking for all pure electrical vehicles.
* In October, 2005, the City of Baltimore, Maryland started to offer discount on
monthly parking in the city parking lots, and is considering free meter parking
for HEVs. On 3 November 2005, the Boston Globe reports that the city council of
Boston is considering the same treatment for hybrid electric cars.
* Annual vehicle registration fees in the District of Columbia are half ($36)
that paid for conventionally vehicles ($72).
The Emergence of Hybrid Vehicles
AllianceBernstein projects that worldwide by 2030, 72% of the fleet and 85% of
new cars will be hybrids (regular or plug-in hybrids).
RuneScape has often been one of
the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a
unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop
cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved
games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to
play (p2p), receive access to the special areas. They also have access to the
free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the
gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you
first start playing runescape, moves around the game on foot; either by running,
or walking. Players are challenged to their utmost skills by fighting new
monsters, completing difficult quests, and manipulating marketing. As Runescape
2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play
rs. They can choose what to do, and when, whether it be training their
money-making skills, or fighting another player. Players usually interact with
each other by chatting through public chat, or private chat.Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM IJFG.com
was a runescape 2 based site. They have now, however, taken another look....
Of
course the king of all game cheating websites is
trick the trik (otherwise known as RPG Cheats Site), where you can find
cheat forums, mmorpg topsite, arcade games and any mmo game related topics.
The master of massive multiplayer
online role-playing games (MMORPG) cheats can be found at Trik.com
Trik.com; this site is one of the best today. The forum section,
Trik.com forum, originally came from IJFG.com (Internet Junction For
Gamers) , which was one of the best websites that discussed various gamers'
issues. The full name was Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More. This site had Jokes, Pranks, RuneScape and other cool games. RuneScape is
set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest," where
players control character representations of themselves. As with most MMORPG,
there is no overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form
alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build
characters' skills.
Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
success, but Trik.com has more to offer. Trik Topsite can be found at
Trik Topsite; the TopSite is a great addition if you want to find the best
MMO RPG site(s) or raise your site in the rankings. Trik.com also has a
viciously competitive Arcade. If you want to be the #1 Arcade on Trik, then come
prove yourself at Trik.com arcade:
Trik arcade. Trik.com – Trik.com/topsite – Trik.com/forum/arcade.php
With the rising popularity of
commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to
run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the
original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server
has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the
original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
large MMORPGs. Due to its openness in implementation, server emulators arose
very quickly, even during the beta stage of development. The destination to
which the client connects was changeable by simply editing a text file. In beta
stage the client-server data stream was not encrypted yet. The term server
emulator became known through Ultima Online server reimplementation such as UOX,
which was the pioneer. Many forks and reimplementations followed UOX, because
its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
early. RunUO is today the most widely used UO-server emulator. After RuneScape
implemented anti-cheating measures, many gamers left and started their own
private servers. The best place to discuss the private server is at
Trik- The Master of Private Server.
Another useful site is
Rune Web ruwb.com . This site is about more serious RuneScape gold trading,
account exchange, gold for real life cash and many services. It includes tips on
how to avoid getting lured/scammed while using the marketplace. For programming,
visual basics, java, C/C++, scar and all other languages such as PHP, HTML, ASP,
Delphi. There are also sections for graphics talents, plus many cool videos and
fun stuff.
A defining moment in internet
gaming history was when a group of gamers called (hygo 7) decided to start an
ultimate game forum, which they named
hygo.com. It has the best financial backing, the friendliest game community,
and the highest quality of information. Currently Hygo.com has entered a new
phase...Hygo.com is offering the best private server game. With thousands of
members, Hygo.com is your next place to visit, as they have an amazing game with
a community and economy.
Hygo.com - The Online Adventure Game. is definitely one of the top sites you want to join right
now!
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